... four countries do not establish a formal framework and a shared command structure, the Quadrilateral Coalition runs a risk of being driven by events and unable to sustain pace in peacetime
On April 17, 2026, the foreign ministers of Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Egypt, and Pakistan
met
alongside of the Antalya Diplomacy Forum. While deputy ministers met for the first time on April 14 in Islamabad, the foreign ministers from these nations met for the third time in a single month (the first
meeting
took ...
..., the primary purpose of the proposed alliance is geopolitical and military: to prevent the emergence of a counterpart to the “Shiite axis” in the Middle East.
Over the course of more than a year, Israeli leadership has increasingly come to view Turkey as the nucleus of a gradually forming potential “Sunni bloc,” which includes Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, and—less explicitly—Egypt and Qatar. Within Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s government, there is a belief that this alliance could ...
... forces and European allies. African participation in the conflict on the side of the colonial metropoles helped strengthen emerging national consciousness, even though the war itself was largely perceived as “someone else’s conflict.”
Iran and Turkey: An Uncomfortable Past
In Iran’s historical memory, the country’s involvement in the Second World War occupies an inherently ambiguous place. The war is viewed negatively, shaped by the trauma of Iran’s semi-colonial status in the nineteenth ...
Key Factors Influencing the Future of Kurdistan's Oil Deal
Following a two-and-a-half-year pause, Iraqi federal authorities and the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) are marking an
agreement
to resume oil exports via Turkey. An obvious prerequisite to addressing
long-standing disagreements
over civil servant salaries in the semi-autonomous region is the agreement, which permits crude
pumped
in Iraqi Kurdistan to flow northward under federal supervision. The agreement ...
The primary objective of "Kurdish-Turkish reconciliation" is Turkish foreign policy
Upon reaching an agreement with the Turkish state, Turkey has taken the first definitive step towards executing the “
Terror-Free Turkey
” plan, which seeks to find a legal and constitutional approach for the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) to disband and lay down its arsenal. Last October, PKK leader ...
Turkey's New Strategy in the Region: Oil, Security and International Routes
The agreement that Turkey signed with Iraq on August 17, 1973, to ship Iraqi (Kurdish) Kirkuk oil to the Turkish port of Ceyhan on the Mediterranean for export was terminated ...
... Iran represents a sensitive variable in Tehran’s internal calculations, given their numbers and social influence.
Yet, political divergence has consistently surfaced. Azerbaijan’s secular, nationalist orientation, closely aligned with the West and Turkey, contrasts sharply with Iran’s religious governance model and its anti-Western stance. As tensions between Iran and Israel escalated, Tehran grew increasingly wary of Baku’s deepening ties with Tel Aviv, particularly in the defense and intelligence ...
Challenges and Prospects of Disbandment
The
disbandment
of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) on May 12 raised questions about
Turkey's military position
in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region going forward. Analysts
questioned
if PKK members in Iraq's mountainous north will
follow
their central leadership's decision to disband the group. The PKK's
demobilization
in Iraq and the potential ...
... encountering minimal resistance. In this new unified Syrian state, referred to as the “new Syria” and governed by opposition groups, the transformation process has been going on for a while. According to many analysts, as well as leaders like Donald Trump, Turkey played a significant role behind this sudden success of the Syrian opposition. While Turkey initially denied any direct involvement, subsequent developments revealed Ankara’s sense of victory. Since 2011, Turkey has supported regime change against ...
Can Turkey's Leadership Make Peace with the Kurdish Freedom Movement?
Can Turkey's Leadership Make Peace with the Kurdish Freedom Movement?
Since Mustafa Kemal Ataturk established Turkey on October 29, 1923, the Turkish government has not endeavored to ...
