... of local forces and European allies. African participation in the conflict on the side of the colonial metropoles helped strengthen emerging national consciousness, even though the war itself was largely perceived as “someone else’s conflict.”
Iran and Turkey: An Uncomfortable Past
In Iran’s historical memory, the country’s involvement in the Second World War occupies an inherently ambiguous place. The war is viewed negatively, shaped by the trauma of Iran’s semi-colonial status in the nineteenth ...
... reassertion of control over Nagorno-Karabakh.
In conclusion, Iran-Azerbaijan tensions reflect a broader struggle for influence in the Caucasus—a region increasingly shaped by the intersecting interests of regional and global powers, from Russia and Turkey to Israel and Iran. While the people of the South Caucasus yearn for stability, their homeland risks becoming a battleground for proxy conflicts. The pressing question remains: can the South Caucasus emerge as a model for regional balance, or will it continue to serve ...
... National Army and Kurdish-based Syrian Democratic Forces. One should not underestimate deep Russia’s links to the Alawite community in the West of the country.
Of course, the fate of Syria ultimately depends on the Syrians themselves, and neither Turkey, nor Iran nor Russia, nor the United States can have a decisive voice in defining this future. However, the reality is that the country has been for many years a hotbed of international standoff, with powerful foreign partners and sponsors behind every political ...
... since Moscow continues diplomatic efforts in this direction, drawing on its experience of on-the-ground interaction with both Turkey and Syria, including joint patrols with the Turkish military in parts of northeastern Syria under the 2019
Sochi Memorandum
... ... again host the negotiations, as it did in 2021–2022 with successful closed-door consultations on normalizing relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia, mediated by Beijing. The prospects for reconciliation between Ankara and Damascus may become clearer by ...
... other, without any regard for past agreements or the approaches used by the regulators. And sometimes without much regard even for the interests of ‘passengers’.
Sergei Melkonian, Jason Wahlang:
India in the South Caucasus: Implications for Russia, Iran and Turkey
So far, the key problem in the Caucasus could be the lack of regional integration. The Transcaucasian countries have different views on their own prospects. And even if were were to presuppose the accelerated signing of a peace treaty between ...
... circumstances, political and economic trends in the Middle East require a degree of theoretical conceptualization. The authors of this report analyze the current political and economic trends in the region’s Arab countries and non-Arab states, including Iran, Turkey, and Israel. Additionally, the authors examine key foreign policy trends in Middle Eastern states.
Regional Trends in the Middle East: Political and Economic Dynamics
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... South Caucasus
Tobby Simon:
The Internet Is Easy. What You Need Is Fundamental Science
Recent dynamics in the South Caucasus have changed the balance of power in the region. While Russia has traditionally played a leading role, both regional players (Iran and Turkey) and non-regional players (France, the EU and the US) have become more active. Competition for “on the ground” presence and for new negotiation formats now determines the region’s balance of power. The emergence of India as a new actor is ...
... balance of powers in Syria and perhaps in Lebanon as well. On the one hand, stronger ties between Moscow and Tehran could embolden Iran to be more assertive and aggressive in supporting its Shia clients in Syria and Lebanon, to the detriment of Israeli security.... ... This could result in Russian-Israeli relations becoming more bumpy and less predictable in future.
Ilya Vedeneyev:
Syria–Turkey Relations: A Road to Normalization
Nonetheless, any deterioration of this relationship has its limitations, as Russia and ...
The goal of the round table was to discuss the dynamics of quadrilateral cooperation in the context of regional trends in the Middle East. The meeting was attended by leading experts from Russia, Iran, Turkey and Syria
On October 18, 2023, a closed round table “Cooperation between Russia, Iran, Turkey and Syria in the Context of Regional Dynamics” was held. Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC) in cooperation with Institute for Iran & Eurasia ...
.... in various areas. The messianic plans of the Biden administration to create an “alliance of democracies” in the Middle East seem unfeasible, too. Understanding this would make it much easier for Russia and the major regional players – Egypt, Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia – to make their constructive contribution to the solution of global problems.
