... evolved from the Coal and Steel Community to the European Community, and then to the European Union. Aspects of a European confederation—or a supernational sovereign state... ... conflicts between monarchies, families, religions, states, and great powers. For thousands of years, wars have been occurring continuously and without interruption. The... ... example in European history. It has also indirectly had an important positive impact on international security. The two World Wars of the twentieth century were caused by the...
... retaliation, de-escalate, and exercise moderation. For the interests of regional and international security, she continued, a diplomatic solution was more crucial than ever... ... weapon, as it would be a threat to international security.” Kaja Kallas, the head of European Union foreign policy,
repeated
this position on the X media platform, calling... ... from which the Europeans were
left out
of, despite their active involvement in the
Lausanne nuclear deal
in 2015, during the Barack Obama administration. As a result, the...
Report No. 99 / 2025
Report No. 99 / 2025
The following report focuses on the Middle Eastern policies of extra-regional actors and their transformation in changing conditions. It concentrates on studying the strategies pursued by Russia, the U.S., the EU, China and India in the Middle East. The report also examines how Middle Eastern countries perceive extra-regional actors as they aspire to build pragmatic and balanced relationships with external partners.
Extra-Regional Actors in the Middle East...
... and new opportunities are waiting to be seized. Old ways of thinking, often encrusted since the end of World War II, are no longer relevant. In particular, the EU must redefine itself. It can no longer hide behind the supposed protecting power, the USA.
Thinking bigger, sovereignty, autonomy and personal responsibility are required. The
continent of Europe encompasses more than the current EU.
Russia, the largest country in the world, stretches from Eastern Europe to Northern Asia. The Urals are ...
Paradoxically, despite Britain’s exit from the European Union, she now finds herself playing a leading role in European security
Britain’s traditionally hostile attitude towards Russia—starting at least as early as 1791, when Prime Minister Pitt the Younger lambasted Russia for wishing to carve ...
... concentrate resources, mobilize its population, and sustain a high tempo of military operations for three years.
The list of liabilities, however, is equally significant. First and foremost, Ukraine has suffered enormous human losses. Hundreds of thousands of men have been killed or wounded. The loss of human capital has been exacerbated by the large number of refugees and émigrés, many of whom are reluctant to return. Given Ukraine’s already challenging demographic situation following the collapse ...
... been defeated, there are still sleeper cells in the Syrian desert. According to the UN, there are between 6,000 and 10,000 ISIS terrorists in Syria and Iraq, not counting the present representatives from other organizations. Additionally, there are thousands of terrorists in Syrian prisons (including those controlled by the Syrian Democratic Forces), which are becoming breeding grounds for jihadist ideas.
Moreover, the risk of escalation between individual countries still remains. There is a U.S. military ...
... resolving the Taiwan issue, and the developments in the South China Sea give rise to suspicions among neighbours.
Against the background of the United States and China, two other players stand out, whose “currency baskets” are more asymmetric. The European Union has a whole range of soft currencies. But in the segment of hard assets, the situation is contradictory. The EU has a powerful economy, infrastructure and industrial base in its hands. The union includes at least one power that possesses ...
... other hand, has drawn increasingly closer to Islamist radicals, who have nothing in common with the Western values. Ten years after the conflict broke out, the US maintains a largely symbolic military presence in Syria’s northeast regions, while the European Union is plainly unable to settle on a new strategy in Syria.
Should Russia be considered a winner? Tactically—yes. Russia’s successful and relatively low-budget military operation quickly made Moscow the principal external actor in Syria....
The COVID-19 pandemic did not give Russia and the EU an impulse to start rapprochement, but the goal of finding common grounds remains on the agenda
The COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated the difficulties that have existed in the relationship between the US and the EU/European NATO members since the beginning of the Donald Trump's presidency. The Europeans disagree with the US on a number of issues.
George Tzogopoulos:
Macron’s Security Ambitions and Russia
Due to the difficult economic situation...
