... significance the Black Sea region has for Russia, and also buttressed the ambitions of Turkey and Bulgaria. The latest geoeconomic and political factors prompt the revival of negotiations on the previously frozen pipeline projects designed to export Russian gas to Europe. Let’s note that the South Stream and the Turkish stream had been frozen due to the cooling in Russia’s relations with Bulgaria and Turkey respectively.
Background: the South Stream Frozen
Previously, agreements had been signed ...
Nord Stream 2 is the most dynamically developing gas transportation project in Europe. Even though the stakeholders only signed the Agreement in September 2015, 10 months later the outlines of Nord Stream 2 are already clear and precise. The stakeholders intend to
build and put into operation
two new ...
... main challenges they are facing? Who is supporting the project and what factors are pushing neutral and closed Turkmenistan to reach outside of its borders? Finally, what are the project’s current prospects?
As one of the world’s top ten gas producers, Turkmenistan has the fourth largest
gas reserves in the world
and, consequently, has yet to fulfill its export potential in this sphere. Yet to fulfill this potential by primarily exporting to neighboring Central Asian nations is hardly ...
... energy relations between Russia and the EU. There are arguably two main factors relating to our analysis that separate the CEE countries from the older Western European states: the first factor is the difference in development of the energy sectors and gas pipeline grid interconnectedness, and second, the perception of Russia as an energy supplier. The latter factor is the one that pertains most to our analysis and has emerged as the most troubling issue in maintaining the interdependency in gas trade....
... seen from space.” Thus, the legitimacy and relevance of the matter is currently framed by the international community (i.e. is mostly top-town), however in future it is likely to depend on the relationship established between the State, oil and gas industry, and Gazprom.
Environmental risk management platform of Equatorial Principles calls for international banks to finance only those projects that have well-established CSR and concern for environment. There is only one Russian bank, Otkritie,...
Historically, APG (associated petroleum gas) was considered to be a waste byproduct rather than a valuable fuel what entailed a wide-spread practice of venting and gas flaring popular with most gas producing countries. While venting usually presupposes a “direct release of natural gas ...
... Germany relations with the USSR. Despite the uneasy political circumstances during the Cold War and political sensitivity concerning the issue of cooperation between the two German states, the USSR and West Germany managed to establish the base of the gas interdependence model, which was to become a backbone of the contemporary EU energy security. In a time of severe political crisis the two adversaries managed to build a long-lasting cooperation based on a sensible economic model that benefited both ...
... differently. Russia does not consider it important in terms of its energy security policy. The South Caucasus’s share of Russia’s exports is extremely small and Russia does not use this regional infrastructural system to deliver its oil and gas to European consumers.
Common Energy policy of the Eurasian Economic Union
AP /EPA / Maxim Shipenkov
Ivan Timofeev, Elena Alekseenkova:
Eurasia in Russian Foreign Policy: Interests,
Opportunities and Constraints
The EEU has barely begun elaborating ...
... long-existed under the mutual awareness of interdependence. This perceived paradigm has led to further deepening of the complexity of the relationship through swap deals and favorable transactions, which encompass the entire value-chain of the natural gas sector. The pinnacle of recent collaboration has been the initiation of the Nord Stream-2 project, which has the potential to completely substitute Ukrainian transit routes. On top of that, in 2015 Gazprom has delivered to Germany a record quantity ...
... deplorable state. Its lack of competitiveness has been exacerbated by subsidized prices throughout the modern history of Ukraine: as the author indicates, in 2014 energy subsidies amounted to 10 percent of GDP. Imports of energy carriers, primarily oil and gas, made about the same share of the Ukrainian GDP. In 1990-2010, the development of primary energy resources fell by 47 percent, and for the time being the recovery of these losses looks less than probable.
The gas segment appears to be the most problem-plagued ...
