... constituted 75% of the national budget during the
2001-2021 period
.
Unlike Iran's sanctions—which primarily affected its own economy—these measures against Afghanistan directly destroyed the country's governance capacity, banking infrastructure, and ... ... precise conditions that forced
500,000
Afghans to seek refuge in Iran during 2021 alone. This represents not merely a regional migration pattern but a direct causal chain: sanctions on Afghanistan's financial system contribute to economic collapse, that ...
... of origin for asylum seekers to Germany. German sanctions
imposed
economic burdens particularly on nations such as Syria (0.2% of GDP), Iran (0.3%), Afghanistan (0.8%), Eritrea (1.7%), Somalia (1.8%), and Libya (2%). These burdens have intensified emigration pressure from these regions.
Studies from the Kiel Institute for the World Economy show that increased GDP per capita growth in developing countries can significantly reduce emigration pressure to OECD states. A 1% increase in GDP growth could
reduce
migration pressure by 0.5 to 1 percent. Thus, sanctions not only damage the ...
... Tajikistan’s strained relations with Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan’s SCO membership, and the prospects of integrating Tajikistan in the Eurasian Economic Union. Bilateral Russia–Tajikistan relations were also filled with many important projects in trade, energy, migration, and security. These projects and issues continued to develop independently from the Ukrainian conflict, being kept as topics for discussion in Russia and Tajikistan’s bilateral agenda, even after the exacerbation of Russia’s relations with ...
... America (whether at the time of John F. Kennedy or George H. Bush). The U.S. lost initiative in the region during Donald Trump’s presidency, with Joe Biden now striving to respond to the principal challenges of development: post-pandemic recovery, migration and security, digitization, rebounding investment, the “green” agenda. Many elements in the new initiative are not yet entirely clear. The White House has noticeably been preparing these proposals “in haste,” without elaborating every ...
Crisis of the state system, Economic and financial disorder, the rise of non-state actors, climate change, migrations, decline of international institutions
1. Crisis of the state system.
In coming years, we are likely to see a continuous crisis of the traditional state system, particularly in such places as the MENA region, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia ...
... which are not recognized elsewhere in the EU, to open representative offices in Italy. Now, nine months on, it appears that the EU has its own
enfant terrible
…
Elena Alekseenkova:
Italy as Enfant Terrible of European Unity
Nine months in power: migration stemmed but economy in technical recession
The main election slogan of the "government of change" was that Italy should become more independent in resolving its domestic problems and securing its interests in the international arena. The key domestic issues ...
... trading partner and donor of development assistance for the continent.
The joint declaration adopted at the end of the summit reflected initiatives in four strategic areas: economic opportunities for young people; ensuring peace and security; mobility and migration; cooperation in the field of good governance.
It is important that the summit saw presentation of a new EU
External Investment Plan
(EIP). According to this initiative, the EU established the European Fund for Sustainable Development with a ...
