... manganese, limestone, phosphates, marble, salt, gypsum and oil—but will the trio manage to extract them on their own (though jointly) in commercial quantities to gain economic sovereignty, not just political one? Or all hopes are again pinned on Russia, China, Turkey, Iran and other non-Western nations? And if so, is “sovereignty” the right word here? Of course, “dependence” on Russia, for example, would differ from neocolonialism by ensuring “fairness” and “equality between partners,” as evidenced ...
... and stability—and not a Eurasian “powder keg”— are the final goal.
1
. Holmes, J.W. Most Safely in the Middle // International Journal, Spring 1984. Vol. 39. № 2, pp. 366–388.
2
. Golmohammadi, V. and Markedonov, S.M. How Iran Perceives Turkey’s Rise in the South Caucasus // Russia in Global Affairs. 2024. Vol. 22. № 1. Pp. 152–175.
3
. Leksyutina, Ya. V. China in South Caucasus: The Scale of Economic Presence // Post-Soviet Studies, 2022, vol. 5, #1, pp. 57-72
... move could have been prompted by changes in Iran’s relations with other countries, especially its evolving cooperation with China, Russia and Saudi Arabia. If any agreement has been reached (which is currently too early to judge), it would only boost ... ... totaled 75.7 tons or $4.3 billion.
Another important factor shaping the Middle East’s approach to international relations is Turkey’s foreign policy. Particularly important, is Turkey’s position on Syria prior to the presidential elections in May ...
... – there is a danger of going completely off-topic. But the range of issues resonates, at least in part, with what has always been there.
Trends in the Arab World, and in Arab relations with Iran, offer hope for normalization. The roles of Russia and China – not leading, but supporting – could be a catalyst for positive trends. The story of the South Caucasus is far from over and promises much human drama, but the deadlock it has been in for so long is a thing of the past. And so it follows that ...
.... The imbalance of exports and imports makes it difficult to use rubles and rupees in mutual settlements. Indian business is also very cautious in dealing with Russian counterparties. The Indian market is important for Russia, but India itself, like China, can hardly be considered a “black knight” yet.
The same can be said about Turkey. Trade volumes have showт significant growth. Turkey has become an important hub for the supply of goods to Russia by companies that have left the country, as well as for the re-export of Russian goods. Turkish banks experimented with the MIR ...
... build a wide network of partnerships using a variety of tools, counter threats comprehensively (including those from Russia and China), and improve the military-technical base of the alliance, but the emerging strategy appeared quite reactive. A final document ... ... countries of Eastern Europe.
The unconditional image victory of the alliance has been the resolution of the dispute between Turkey and Finland and Sweden as a result of intensive open and behind-the-scenes bargaining talks [
1
]. Apart from the signing ...
The United Nations is much bigger than its Security Council, all the importance of UNSC notwithstanding
When it comes to reforms of the United Nations, it is indispensable for China and Russia, as long-time UN champions and supporters, to take the lead in promoting bottom-up approach to UN reforms. Moscow and Beijing have already accumulated a lot of experience in working together in drafting UN Security Council (UNSC) resolutions,...
... withdrawal creates significant hurdles for regional stability and a power vacuum in Central Asia. There are several players, both internal and external, who are seeking to fill the void left by the Americans and their allies. Pakistan, India, Iran, Turkey, China and Russia seem poised to play the next “
great game
” in the so-called “
graveyard of empires
”. Some of these states have a vested interest in the stability of Afghanistan to ensure regional security and foster economic interests as well ...
... expand its influence across the Ummah via its Muslim Brotherhood allies could prolong instability in West Asia and North Africa;
Each of them is also actively expanding their influence through regional institutions such as Russia’s Eurasian Union, Turkey’s Turkic Council, India’s BIMSTEC, and China’s BRI-linked structures, all of which could better coordinate if Turkey ever joins the SCO (since it is the only of the four nations that is not a SCO member).
Contradictions
China’s growing economic influence in Central and West Asia could ...
... for Refugees (UNHCR), that could be extremely problematic and make it very difficult for the EU to continue cooperating with Turkey on migration and refugee issues. So there will be a lot of concern about that and the regional destabilization it might ... ... number of areas where we still have things we can and have to talk about.
Recently Bloomberg reported that the US is weighing China’s currency pact as a part of the partial trade deal. How does the EU regard that?
There is a paradox in the American ...