... relation to Russia.
During Trump’s second term, tariffs have become a more prominent part of the foreign policy toolkit. It is telling that they are featured extensively in the 2025 US National Security Strategy, while sanctions
are barely mentioned
. Sanctions continue to be applied in practice, but tariffs have acquired a new political meaning. Using them against some US adversaries is pointless. Iran, for example, is under all-encompassing economic restrictions, so tariffs will make no difference. The same applies to Russia. When it comes to the ...
... clear that the US administration also adheres to a very clear ideological line. It may also be criticised in Europe for using sanctions as an element of pressure. French President Emmanuel Macron, in particular, has
condemned
them.
Finally, the trade ... ... Beijing has demonstrated admirable tenacity in defending its interests and ultimately achieved compromise solutions. But the tariffs also hit the EU.
Executive Order 14257
imposed a new 10% tariff and an additional 20% tariff on EU countries. Strictly ...
... duties
on third countries purchasing
Russian oil and other raw materials.
But Russia is usually viewed as a “special case,” when all means are used against a political opponent.
Given such logic, it was difficult to expect that the transformation of tariffs into sanctions would hit Brazil in particular. US-Brazilian trade was clearly different for the better from the threats described by Trump in Executive Order 14257. In 2024, its surplus in favour of the United States amounted to $7.4 billion with an upward ...
...
Source: Compiled by the authors based on open data.
Russia and Iran will most likely be indirectly affected by the potential tariffs. Formally, Washington has imposed a 10% “basic” duty on all imports, but for Iranian food products, it is purely theoretical: ... ... banned since September 29, 2010, by OFAC (Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury) and their sanctions.
Considering that fertilizers are an important element of food security, in 2024, about 7% of Russia’s fertilizer ...
