The Proof of the Pudding: Outcomes of the 25th SCO Summit for India and Pakistan
... years of its existence: a platform for resolving border disputes, a mechanism for countering non-traditional security threats and a multilateral forum for mapping out the contours of a polycentric world order. Zhao Huasheng: Three Core Concepts of Sino-Russian International Cooperation The SCO’s first function was to settle border disputes among five countries: Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. This format was first established at the 1996 summit in Shanghai and was institutionalized in 2001 with Uzbekistan’s accession, turning the Shanghai Five into the Shanghai Six. By the early 2010s, all territorial ...
15.09.2025
