...
Environment and energy supply
The emphasis of the 13
th
plan on environmental development was truly unprecedented. It included the rational use of energy, defined pollution as a national problem, and pledged to implement the Paris agreements. The main task in China’s energy policy in the 13
th
Five-Year Plan was to improve supply and demand balance. It presumed the transition from minerals to renewable energy resources, as well as from coal to natural gas. The measures indicated in the 13
th
five-year plan related ...
... Natural gas has gained importance, accounting for more than half of the total energy demand, oil has shrunk to below 40 percent. The geographic structure of hydrocarbon exports is gradually changing in favor of the countries of East and South Asia (Japan, China, South Korea, India), followed by Europe. The United States is becoming the main energy competitor for Middle Eastern hydrocarbon producers, replacing Saudi Arabia as the regulator of global energy markets.
The most significant consequence of the changes taking place on world energy markets will be the inevitable decline in "oil ...
... chance of substituting Middle-Eastern oil suppliers.
The Indians are not likely to put all their eggs in the Russian basket for energy. But there is still a huge, untapped, potential before Russian supply volumes get anywhere close to a strategically undesirable ... ... thing: Access.
Various access routes have been considered, such as INSTC and Iranrud transportation systems, pipelines through China, Iran and elsewhere, and shipping via Sevmorput. Of these, Sevmorput looks like the most feasible path for the near term....
China’s flexible energy policy and the US sanctions against Iran and Venezuela
In the last few years, China’s energy policy has changed radically owing to both the changed priorities in domestic policy and sharp bifurcations in the international situation. As the growth pace of the national economy slowed down, China’s leadership announced a course of stimulating ...
... resources, and that the military confrontation between NATO and Russia would expand, did not come true either. The forecasts of China’s expansion in the Arctic under the slogan of developing the “Polar Silk Road” initiative, part of the larger “One ... ... Russia’s LNG, believing that it increases Europe’s dependence on Russia and in the final analysis allegedly undercuts Europe’s energy security.
Solving its own energy problems in the remote regions of the AZRF, Russia intends to site a floating nuclear ...
... investment procedures, thus taking the bilateral trade and economic relations into a new era. The gradual liberalization of trade and investment between the two countries will play an increasingly important role in bilateral economic cooperation.
5. China’s energy requirements are growing, and natural gas imports are in particular demand. At the same time, Russia’s share of the European gas supply market is shrinking. This creates the perfect conditions for China and Russia to step up their cooperation ...
... However, experts believe that country’s consumption has already reached a plateau and will remain stable until about the mid-2020s, after which the inevitable decline will follow. This means that, with the gradual reduction of coal use in the West and China, India will become the most promising market. The International Energy Agency predicts that India will see its coal consumption
grow
by 135 million tonnes annually by 2022, more than the rest of Asia and Africa combined. However, even India’s coal consumption is eventually expected to peak (
some expect
this to ...
... interest in the region and has launched several bilateral and multilateral initiatives designed to bring Central Asia in line with EU interests and thinking. The region occupies an important place in EU strategic thinking because of its location between China and Russia, and because of its position in the East-West energy trade and developing transport corridors. The following paragraphs will first outline what the EU wants to achieve in Central Asia and how it goes about achieving it, before formulating some lessons that Russia and China could draw from this activity....
... expectations of a growing demand for power. And another reason why coal is curtailing renewable generation (making solar plants run only at 10% of capacity factor) is Chinese heritage of the communist 5-year plan policy. Indeed, at the time the 12th 5-year energy policy plan was confirmed in China, renewable power did not yet kick in at fool bloom. That is why, traditionally, instead of the generator dispatching on the merit order, in most Chinese provinces, system operators work according to principles that allow each coal-fired generator ...
... unlikely but virtually impossible. Thus, the USA in a way counters Russian pivot to Asia by expanding its sphere of interests to Africa whose incredibly fast urbanization rate already accounts for a greater proportion of middle class than in India or China
[1]
, opening up wide opportunities for America-African strategic cooperation in energy field.
Today the African region is being targeted through the policy of economic statecraft from both the West and the East, i.e. by the USA and European member states as well as China, respectively. Chinese neo-colonial strategy is mainly driven ...
