... Venezuela
. The United States responded to the political crisis in Venezuela in 2019 with new sanctions. Executive Order 13857 (2019) clarified the parameters of
the state of emergency on Venezuela
, and Executive Order 13884 (2019) introduced blocking sanctions against
the government assets of Venezuela
, which included PdVSA. Given the importance of oil export revenues for the country, a blow to PdVSA meant an inevitable reduction in export revenues and the degradation of the oil industry.
Signs of changes began to appear in 2022. In November 2022, following an agreement on negotiations between the ...
... MET.
From political perspectives, the OPEC+ decision to cut production is also beneficial. After the February statement of Mr. Novak regarding Russia’s intention to cut oil production, many critics interpreted it as a forced measure. They say the sanctions are doing their job, and Russia can no longer produce enough oil without Western technologies, trying to disguise the actual drop in production as a planned voluntary reduction. Following this logic, other producers also face problems, which is, surely, not true. Furthermore, Russia can present the OPEC+ decision ...
... that go ahead and implement the decisions of the "coalition". But the “coalition” itself has largely given up on Russian oil anyway. India, China and other friendly countries may not join, but Western carriers will not deliver Russian oil there.
Julia Melnikova:
‘Sanctions Storm’: Recovery After the Disaster
The initiators of the sanctions expect a number of schemes to be attempted to circumvent the new measures. The first is the formal observance of the price threshold, but manipulations with the price of transportation ...
... Ukraine in February 2022. Their primary aim was to deal the largest possible economic damage to force Moscow to revise its policy and to undermine its resources provision. Since energy exports are extremely important for funding the Russian economy, sanctions against its oil and gas sector were more than just predictable. However, the United States, the EU and other initiators had to act cautiously, because Russia is a major player on the global market. US restrictions on the export of Iranian oil had little impact on ...
... the Nuclear Energy Sector
In late July 2022, the minister of economy, trade and industry
sent a clear signal to Japan’s oil traders
, saying that Japan’s government does not call on companies to continue with their refusal to purchase Russian oil as part of supporting Western sanctions since it is up to the companies alone to decide whom to purchase oil from. Clearly, this is a somewhat disingenuous statement as Japan’s government sets quotas on imports of energy resources and knows
ex officio
where these resources come ...
... may still affect the plans.
Viktor Katona, Ruslan Mamedov:
Russia’s Interests in the Arab Mashreq: Analyzing the Future of Oil and Gas in Iraq and Syria
Recent reports from Iraq say that Mustafa al-Kadhimi, the former intelligence chief who has been ... ....”
It also remains to be seen whether the two sides will cut a deal that entails different regional risks and could invite US sanctions. Besides, implementation would require a stable government in Baghdad. As snap parliamentary elections are possible ...
... majority of sanctions were lifted in January 2016, Iran managed to increase its oil production by 720,000 barrels a day (23 percent increase) in two years, from 3.15 mbd in 2015 to 3.87 mbd in 2017. Thus, Tehran managed to restore and even exceed its pre-sanctions oil production level of 3.7 mbd, although it failed to fulfill its initial plan. With that, Iran still had good chances if not to increase oil production further at least to maintain it at about 3.9 mbd level. Eventually, the U.S. decision to withdraw ...
... within the Arctic Council, many of its members and observers maintain sanctions pressure on Russia.
In 2014, the US and the European Union (EU) introduced restrictive measures against the Russian Federation, which are actively associated with a notion of sanctions in the foreign doctrine [
1
].
Ivan Panichkin:
Arctic Oil and Gas Resource Development: Current Situation and Prospects?
However, it should be noted that the prevailing point of view in the Russian legal doctrine is that the notions of sanctions and unilateral restrictive measures should not be confused....
... independent and self-sufficient while living under sanctions. For instance, an Iranian oil company is
the largest tanker
owner in the world, managing far more oil tankers than any of its neighboring fellow oil exporters. This allowed Iran to overcome the sanctions that targeted its oil trading activities by prohibiting international banks from insuring oil trade with this country. There is hardly anyone who is more aware of the necessity of making national industries more independent and developed than the current oil minister Bijan ...
... partners, and might worsen relations with the USA, China, Japan, and India.
The legislation introduced to the U.S. Congress by ten Senators calls for an almost total ban for foreign companies to participate in Russian energy projects.
Should the new sanctions be applied, both oil and gas projects will come under threat. In particular, the
China Development Bank, China Exim Bank, Japan Bank for International Cooperation, and Intesa
(Italy) might have no time to transfer the approved loans for the Yamal LNG project, while NOVATEK’s ...
