Europe Under Fire from US Secondary Sanctions

... meagre in comparison with the scope of ExxonMobil’s operations, this case is quite unique as the Treasury imposed the largest possible fine, whereas in the vast majority of other cases the companies paid much less. All three episodes associated with secondary sanctions for violating restrictions imposed on Russia have shown that the US Treasury will be uncompromising in this regard, targeting disputable, unobvious, or minor violations. European Counter-play? American fines have not tended to cause problems in the relationship between Brussels and Washington....