The U.S. and China: Policy Approaches to Sanctions and Counter Sanctions

... stalled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After returning to the White House in 2025, Donald Trump resumed his policy of aggressive trade wars. He declared a state of emergency due to the negative trade balance of the U.S., significantly raising tariffs on over ... ... [56] As Washington stepped up its economic pressure on Beijing, a long-term policy for enhancing the resilience of the national economy was emerging in China. One of the directions involves a “dual circulation” concept, which envisioned import substitution ...