... significantly hampered. Secondary American sanctions and fines are feared even in friendly countries. The experience of secondary US sanctions being used against the Chinese COSCO Shipping Tanker and some other companies for the alleged transportation of Iranian oil in 2019 can serve as a warning. The European Union has also provided for a mechanism to punish ships carrying Russian oil above the price ceiling. Violating ships will be denied financial, insurance and other services in EU jurisdiction....
... determining the quality of international interaction in the northernmost region of the world. Despite ongoing constructive contacts within the Arctic Council, many of its members and observers maintain sanctions pressure on Russia.
In 2014, the US and the European Union (EU) introduced restrictive measures against the Russian Federation, which are actively associated with a notion of sanctions in the foreign doctrine [
1
].
Ivan Panichkin:
Arctic Oil and Gas Resource Development: Current Situation and Prospects?
However, it should be noted that the prevailing point of view in the Russian legal doctrine is that the notions of sanctions and unilateral restrictive measures should not be confused....