... transformations should not be viewed in isolation but rather as a mobile operational pattern across the entire region, as also evident in Burkina Faso. They are therefore not individual cases but part of a broader operational model extending beyond a single state.... ... toward a more pluralistic international system with greater balance among different centers of power (Trenin, 2024; Sakwa, 2017).
Russia and the Logic of Early Adaptation to a Transforming International System
Here emerges a traditional question, but its answer ...
... insurgents in November 2023. Since April 2024, a mechanism for coordination between the militaries has been in the works, and operations are underway to divide the territory under Islamist control, which stretches from eastern Mali through northern Burkina Faso to Niger. Trade and economic cooperation are also expanding: since September 2023, several Russian private and state-owned companies have signed agreements with the AES countries in areas such as mining, industrial construction and others.
While Russia focuses primarily on food security (Moscow
shipped
50,000 tonnes of free grain to the Sahel ...
... Tuareg paramilitary groups and radicals? What leverage do France and the U.S. have over the Sahel countries? What options do Russia, China, Turkey and Arab states have for expanding their influence? Is it likely to have paramilitary groups effectively ... ... Diplomacy, HSE University, Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University and MGIMO University, as well as experts from Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger.
