... hampered. Secondary American sanctions and fines are feared even in friendly countries. The experience of secondary US sanctions being used against the Chinese COSCO Shipping Tanker and some other companies for the alleged transportation of Iranian oil in 2019 can serve as a warning. The European Union has also provided for a mechanism to punish ships carrying Russian oil above the price ceiling. Violating ships will be denied financial, insurance and other services in EU jurisdiction. The wording of paragraph 7 of Art. 3n of EU Council ...
... on imports by developing alternative energy in their territory;
The energy revolution could be a fertile ground for new potential opportunities in expanding cooperation between the countries of the Middle East with China, India, as well as with the European Union; at the same time, a decrease in the importance of the region in global energy will reduce the incentives for great powers to interfere in its affairs.
Risks:
Drop in oil and gas prices will be a serious challenge for regional hydrocarbon exporters, particularly in heavily populated countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, Algeria and Iraq. The governments of these countries will have to cut social programs, review existing ...
... determining the quality of international interaction in the northernmost region of the world. Despite ongoing constructive contacts within the Arctic Council, many of its members and observers maintain sanctions pressure on Russia.
In 2014, the US and the European Union (EU) introduced restrictive measures against the Russian Federation, which are actively associated with a notion of sanctions in the foreign doctrine [
1
].
Ivan Panichkin:
Arctic Oil and Gas Resource Development: Current Situation and Prospects?
However, it should be noted that the prevailing point of view in the Russian legal doctrine is that the notions of sanctions and unilateral restrictive measures should not be confused....
... any influence on the transit security and reliability of Russian fuel exports.
Major Gas Pipelines of the Former Soviet Union
[23]
The major threat to the Russian energy security policy consists in declining revenues from exporting natural gas and oil to the European Union. In the case of the South Caucasus, the threat does not come from Azerbaijan (as the country alone cannot compete with Russia on production and export of natural resources), but from potential suppliers in Asia (Turkmenistan in particular) ...
