Russia-U.S. Economic Relations: Old Problems and New Horizons

... for over 20 years. On August 22, 2013, Russia became the 156th member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and in November, the U.S. Congress repealed the Jackson-Vanik Amendment, after which President Barack Obama signed an Act on permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) status for Russia. The U.S. expert and business community hailed the latter as a victory, pushed through by American lobbyists representing in the first place the interests of 700 companies that are members of the American Chamber ...