The Three Phases of Jihadism
... Arabist, specialized in contemporary issues of the Middle East and Muslims in the West. He is a professor ... ... centered around both a jihad against the Soviets in Afghanistan and the possibility for Sunni groups to ... ... Iranian influence at the time. It was effective against Russia in Afghanistan, but this phase was not very ... ... Duclos: Four Dreadful Scenarios for Tomorrow’s Syria and What We Can Do To Avoid Them The third phase ... ... them to build a mechanism that would lead to the Islamic State and to the Caliphate which was proclaimed ...
08.05.2019