The Three Phases of Jihadism
... unable to deliver on the ground. They were forced to flee from Afghanistan, and they were unable to create a strong Sunni jihad ... ... Europe to establish caliphates. The third phase of Jihadism, namely ISIS, held a post-millenarian perspective, as opposed to Al Qaeda ... ... This allowed them to build a mechanism that would lead to the Islamic State and to the Caliphate which was proclaimed in June ... ... foreign boots on the ground: the 2015 JCPOA agreement allowed Russia to increase presence in Syria and send forces to Khmeimim,...