The Three Phases of Jihadism
... Mediterranean chair at Université Paris Sciences et Lettres. He is an author of 20 books. His latest book , “Beyond Chaos: The Crisis in the Mediterranean and the Middle East,” is an analysis of the present situation in the Middle East and the Mediterranean ... ... of Jihadism The first stage of Jihadism, present from 1979 to 1997, was centered around both a jihad against the Soviets in Afghanistan and the possibility for Sunni groups to contain Iranian influence at the time. It was effective against Russia in Afghanistan, but this phase was not very successful elsewhere and failed in Algeria, Chechnya, and Egypt. Phase one ...