Sailing Through the VUCAII World: Evolving Security Paradigms and Pakistan’s Maritime Imperatives

... regional tensions. Global military spending has increased to an unprecedented $2.4 trillion, reflecting a 7% increase within a year. This militarization fuels hegemonic ambitions as exemplified by India’s "net security provider" posture in the Indian Ocean. For Pakistan, this security dilemma necessitates the maintenance of a strategic balance, despite having resource constraints. The Indian Ocean has emerged as the ocean of the 21 st century by serving as a vital channel for international trade, energy supplies,...