RIAC :: M23,Rwanda

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The Fault Line: The African Great Lakes Conflict and its International Context

... IIS MGIMO Working Paper #88 / 2025 The conflict in the Great Lakes region of North and South Kivu—eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo—reignited in 2021, triggered by military clashes between the Congolese armed forces and the M23 rebel group. The recent escalation coincides with inter-ethnic violence spreading into neighboring countries. The following working paper by the Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC) and the Institute for International Studies of the Moscow ...

14.01.2026

Goma, the City on the Volcano

... actor. The retreat of M23’s remnants into Rwanda only reinforced Kinshasa’s stance: there was no point in talking to a fractured and disorganized rebel group with no clear political vision. If any real negotiations were needed, they had to be with Rwanda, not M23. The group’s main goal had always been controlling the resources and getting the rent—for its leaders, this was about profits, not politics. Even for ordinary M23 fighters, ideology often took a backseat to personal loyalty toward commanders they ...

01.02.2025

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