Russia and a new medium of space research

... Moon, programs “Mars-500” and “Fobos–Grunt” – to US Martian projects. In 2016 the Russian project “Venus-D” is to resume the mapping of the surface of Venus carried out by the American station “Magellan” in 1989-1994. The Russian GLONASS system of satellite positioning is paralleled to the American “NAVSTAR-GPS”. Roscosmos has more modest financial resources than NASA but despite that its space programs develop as an alternative to American priorities in space. Such a situation ...