The Sanctioned Sanctuary: How Economic Pressure Creates Refugee Magnets

... constituted 75% of the national budget during the 2001-2021 period . Unlike Iran's sanctions—which primarily affected its own economy—these measures against Afghanistan directly destroyed the country's governance capacity, banking infrastructure, and ... ... flows toward neighboring countries with relatively functioning economies, including Iran. Iran's evolving policies regarding refugees to mitigate sanction pressures—from the initial blue cards granting near-citizen status to the restrictive Amayesh ...