It’s Hard to Find a Black Cat in a Dark Room, Especially If It Isn’t There. RAND on the Search for Cyber Coercion

... coercion operations, above all the fact that the ambiguous nature of cyber operations may reduce their efficacy [ 6 ]. Successful deterrence and coercion results from effective signalling — the adversary must first be aware of the source and motivation for ... ... the work done by RAND is not based on concrete facts. For example, as corroboration of the claims of Russia’s involvement in cyber-attacks on Montenegro in 2018, they refer to an article stating that: “Three international I.T. security companies say ...