... goal was to preserve the monopoly position of the West. However, this required the appearance of formal signs of justice in the form of international law as well as participation in the highest body of the UN, the Security Council (UNSC), of Russia and China, which are immanently hostile to the interests of the USA and Europe.
The institutional form of Western dominance by force has become its final incarnation, and now the main question is whether it is possible to preserve the form following the inevitable disappearance of its content and main function. Therefore,...
... countries over the past 10 years. Relations between Moscow and Beijing are of a strategic nature, they are united by a common vision of a just international order, in which there will be no place for the dominance of a narrow group of states. Russia and China are jointly responsible for the stability of a huge part of Eurasia.
Bilateral trade and economic relations are developing with the understanding that at some point Russia and China will indeed have to complement each other; as Chinese authors put it, “stand back to back” and jointly resist the attempts of ...
... international order proved to be short-lived. First, because the largest of the countries outside the narrow community of the West — China, India and Russia — were not ready for their own desovereignisation. For them, following the proposed path would be disastrous ... ... of resources that could be exchanged for the sovereignty of small and medium-sized countries. As a result, the US and Western Europe are increasingly forced to resort to extremely repressive measures — sanctions and special trade regimes — in order ...
...
However the problem is not only China’s power or its “creeping expansion” as such. There are systemic contradictions regarding preferred formats for linking integration initiatives. While the most advisable approach for Russia is institutional (EAEU-China dialogue, in which the EAEU would act as a single political and economic entity), China prefers a flexible “project” approach, which implies bilateral agreements between inpidual countries participating in specific projects (Mikhailenko, 2018,...
... accompanied by the creation of RCEP. The next stage in this process would be to link up all of the pan-continental platforms in Eurasia, Africa and Latin America into one common platform that would cover the bulk of the developing world with important implications ... ... aggregation of regional integration groups of the Global South under the banner of BRICS+ a different track is entertained by China and its BRICS partners that targets increasing the membership of the core of the Global South.
Hence, the current dilemma ...
... Will Russia become more dependent on China?
«There is no question about that: we will be more integrated and more dependent on China. It has positive elements but overall we will be much more dependent. I am not very much afraid of becoming a pawn of China like some EU states became pawns of the US. First, Russians have a core gene of sovereignty. Second, we are culturally different from the Chinese, I don’t think that China could or would like to overtake us. However we are not happy with the situation, because ...
... globalization that enables countries such as Russia to align national interests with the global agenda. It is also important that such a platform is not majority controlled by any single one region or country. In this respect, the co-integration of the Eurasian Economic Union and China’s BRI may be a useful tool of rendering China’s and Russia’s infrastructure projects more harmonized, but a common globalization framework requires a broader platform. Such a platform may be represented by the BRICS+ framework that brings ...
... further accumulation of reserves rather than spending them to boost growth.
The year 2021 was also emblematic for the degree to which the green/environmental agenda was embraced across the world economy, most notably in all of the main global centres – Europe, the US and China. This was the case in Russia as well, with most of major companies adopting ESG strategies and the authorities committing to achieving net zero emissions target by 2060. The importance of the green agenda for Russia was emphasised on numerous occasions ...
... Karaganov dubs the relationship a
“semi-alliance,”
noting that it came about due to the West’s geostrategic failures. However, the political scientist warned against
“selling the country’s sovereignty”
to Beijing, repeating the mistakes of Europe’s close friendship with Washington in the past.
Karaganov is well-known for his favorable opinion of relations between Russia and China, and has pushed for a closer relationship between Beijing and Moscow.
“Knowing Russian history and the psychology of our people and political class, I think that we will not sell our sovereignty to anyone,”
he added.
“I also hope for the ...
... assistance (ODA) by member countries of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) (comprises developed economies, including the EU and the United States) amounted to USD 161.2 billion, representing 0.32% of their combined GNI. Initial estimates indicate ... ... the OECD the total debt relief extended by advanced economies in 2020 amounted to USD 541 mn. At the same time, according to China’s Ministry of Finance, the Export-Import Bank of China as well as the China International Development Cooperation Agency ...
