The Three Phases of Jihadism
... sending them back to Europe to establish caliphates. The third phase of Jihadism, namely ISIS, held a post-millenarian perspective, as opposed to Al Qaeda which was pre-millenarian. By the same token, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi independently developed a form of jihad that was mostly sectarian. He... ... network in Syria and Iraq which eventually became the Caliphate. The third phase of Jihadism did not take place on the stage of satellite television, unlike their predecessors... ... led to an increase in foreign boots on the ground: the 2015 JCPOA agreement allowed Russia to increase presence in Syria and send forces to Khmeimim, and Western presence...