Strategic Implications of the Melting Arctic Sea Ice for Indonesia

... Indonesia’s interest in the Arctic is unequivocally non-territorial, instead driven by existential vulnerability stemming from climate change and geo-economic necessity stemming from geopolitical shifts. The climate imperative is the primary driver addressing ... ... directly impact Indonesia’s foreign policy framework, the Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF). The opening of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) creates three distinct pressures across the GMF's pillars: Pillar II (Economy): The NSR threatens to diversify global shipping ...