The Three Phases of Jihadism

... scientist and Arabist, specialized in contemporary issues of the Middle East and Muslims in the West. He is a professor and director of the Middle East and Mediterranean ... ... development on Saudi Arabia and then later Iran, through three stages of Jihadism. This analysis is taken from an interview with Dr. Kepel.... ... 1997, was centered around both a jihad against the Soviets in Afghanistan and the possibility for Sunni groups to contain Iranian ... ... This allowed them to build a mechanism that would lead to the Islamic State and to the Caliphate which was proclaimed in June ...