The Three Phases of Jihadism
... of Jihadism The first stage of Jihadism, present from 1979 to 1997, was centered around both a jihad against the Soviets in Afghanistan and the possibility for Sunni groups to contain Iranian influence at the time. It was effective against Russia in ... ... retaliation . Al Qaeda fails, but the movement lives on. Andrey Kortunov, Michel Duclos: Four Dreadful Scenarios for Tomorrow’s Syria and What We Can Do To Avoid Them The third phase of Jihadism is conducted under the initiative of two ideologues and tacticians ...
08.05.2019