The Three Phases of Jihadism
... Arabist, specialized in contemporary issues of the Middle East and Muslims in the West. He is a professor and director of the Middle ... ... 20 books. His latest book , “Beyond Chaos: The Crisis in the Mediterranean and the Middle East,” is ... ... centered around both a jihad against the Soviets in Afghanistan and the possibility for Sunni groups to ... ... Iranian influence at the time. It was effective against Russia in Afghanistan, but this phase was not very ... ... them to build a mechanism that would lead to the Islamic State and to the Caliphate which was proclaimed ...
08.05.2019