Non-state actors in the Middle East: towards a new typology

... local criminal elements, even if they have transboundary connections, tend to act in the recesses of public life and beyond the control of the state. However, all of them, regardless of their diversity, are defined exclusively in connection with their relationship with a certain state, the mere existence of which gives them a raison d’être. In comparison with this kind of NSAs, the list of geocentric (GC) actors is much shorter. Only entities that have completely broken away from the state-centrist ...