The Three Phases of Jihadism
... unable to deliver on the ground. They were forced to flee from Afghanistan, and they were unable to create a strong Sunni jihad ... ... opportunity to expand by recruiting brothers, training them in the Middle East or Pakistan, and sending them back to Europe to establish ... ... This allowed them to build a mechanism that would lead to the Islamic State and to the Caliphate which was proclaimed in June ... ... foreign boots on the ground: the 2015 JCPOA agreement allowed Russia to increase presence in Syria and send forces to Khmeimim,...
08.05.2019