The Three Phases of Jihadism

... specialized in contemporary issues of the Middle East and Muslims in the West. He is a professor and director of the ... ... then later Iran, through three stages of Jihadism. This analysis is taken from an ... ... around both a jihad against the Soviets in Afghanistan and the possibility for Sunni ... ... influence at the time. It was effective against Russia in Afghanistan, but this phase was ... ... Four Dreadful Scenarios for Tomorrow’s Syria and What We Can Do To Avoid Them The ... ... build a mechanism that would lead to the Islamic State and to the Caliphate which was ...