The Three Phases of Jihadism

... lost all of their territorial strongholds, and the ability to call themselves an “Islamic State.” According to Dr. Kepel, this is the end of Phase Three, the “aufhebung”... ... have to do something. Andrey Kortunov, Malcolm Chalmers: Upholding Stability in the Middle East: An Opportunity for Russia–Europe Cooperation? Dr. Kepel believes there... ... involved — at all — which is a request Russia cannot accommodate. Russia learned in Afghanistan to limit the number of foot soldiers they deploy. Therefore, the majority...