... Security Council and a stronger, perhaps more competent grip on the organs of state power in Kazakhstan. From this position, Tokayev might be able to achieve some policy goals designed to assuage popular discontent. Any material benefit to the people of Kazakhstan looks years away though, and despite humiliating himself in front of Russia and China, the new Tokayev may yet prove much the same as the old Nazarbayev.
... takes in relation to, for example, Armenia or Belarus, and not the actual bilateral relations.
Russia also cannot proceed from the assumption that fully ordinary bilateral diplomacy exists in relations with Lithuania or Romania. An opposite example is Russia's policy towards Pakistan, Kazakhstan or Uzbekistan - countries that have the resources necessary for independent survival and responsible foreign policy. China has tried to build traditional relations with the countries of Eastern Europe, but now these efforts are facing noticeable difficulties.
It is very likely that as international politics return to a dynamic balance of power, the leading powers will ...
... Cards
Andrey Kortunov:
Eight Principles of the “Greater Eurasian Partnership”
According to a study, between 2015 and 2020, Russian supplies amounted for 62% of the arms market in the whole region. This percentage has considerably increased during the last decade, with Kazakhstan being the largest consumer of the area [
viii
]. However, this monopoly is not equally distributed among Central Asian states. Uzbekistan prefers buying weapons from China, while Turkey is the largest arms supplier for Turkmenistan [
ix
].
In case of a conflict, together with the actual military ...
... established in oil-rich areas of the Caspian and northeastern Kazakhstan and the spread of jihadist ideology there could jeopardise China’s future interests in the region.
A new trend is for radical Islamists to engage increasingly in crime while ordinary criminals are themselves turning to radical Islamism, particularly in western Kazakhstan. Prisons have become breeding grounds for Islamic extremism (as in Kyrgyzstan and some Russian regions). All prisons in Kazakhstan have turned “green,” which is the term for institutions informally controlled ...
... rules and other interaction formats. Simultaneously with this agreement, the bilateral Russia–Vietnam and Belarus–Vietnam intergovernmental protocols on supporting automotive... ... will have dropped from 8.9 per cent to 0.1 per cent.
Vietnam’s trade with Russia and Kazakhstan is developing with particularly intensity. According to
WTO
data, the share... ... against Tehran will continue to expand.
Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation with China
Zachary Paikin:
Orders Within Orders: A New Paradigm for Greater Eurasia
The Agreement...
The Working Group on the Future of U.S.-Russia Relations’ Report
Central Asia stands out as a comparatively “nontoxic” region where there are limited, but not insignificant, opportunities for U.S.-Russia collaboration both bilaterally and within multilateral frameworks: in the space ...
... conference «Greater Eurasian Partnership and Belt and Road Initiative: points of convergence and contact». The event was organized by a publication project «The Eurasian Illustrated Review»
(Evraziyskoye Obozreniye
)
During the two working days, leading Russian, Mongolian, Chinese, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz experts, diplomats and journalists were discussing the implementation and integration of Greater Eurasia and the Belt and Road initiatives, the prospects for «Russia-Mongolia-China» economic corridor, the opportunities for cooperation in tourism in the context of the Tea Route, as well as the role and position of the Baikal-Amur region of Asia in Eurasian infrastructure projects.
A.K. Tulokhonov, Academician of RAS Siberian ...
... of holding multi-level, bilateral meetings between the leaders of member states, observers and the SCO dialogue partners continued. An important event in Russia–China relations in the run-up to the summit was the state visit by the President of the Russian Federation, which resulted in the deepening of the comprehensive bilateral strategic partnership. The leader of Kazakhstan made a similar trip to China, as did the President of Kyrgyzstan, the country which officially assumed chairmanship of the SCO for the upcoming year following the Qingdao summit.
Andrey Kortunov:
SCO: The Cornerstone Rejected by the Builders of a New Eurasia?
The endorsement ...
... 21st Century
Of all the types of hydrocarbons, coal has been in use the longest. China is known to have extracted coal as early as the 4
th
century B.C. Unlike oil,... ... coal in the West appears to have been sealed for good.
Although coal has been used in Russia for centuries, industrial mining only truly took off in the 20
th
century. Until... ... significant volumes of coal, it also imports between 20 and 25 million tonnes annually from Kazakhstan for electricity generation purposes in several cities across the Urals. It...
... and 10. The event is already being touted by the media and official figures of the participating countries as one of the most important international events of the year. All the more so because it will mark the first time that the six member states (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan anthd Uzbekistan) are joined by India and Pakistan. Journalists and analysts were quick to point out that the participants account for a sizeable share of world’s population, territory, natural resources and economic potential. The ...
