... nationally determined contributions give us grounds to believe.
Russia’s place in the new climate order
The world’s largest economies have already ratified the agreement signed in Paris, while Russia is in no hurry to follow suit.
In the entire report, Russia is mentioned only twice: in connection with exporting gas to Europe and China. On the one hand, it is odd; being the largest exporter of energy sources, Russia holds the fourth place in the world in the volume of emissions, ahead of Japan and Saudi Arabia. On the other hand, it reflects the fact that in ...
... implementing joint projects. Transferring international tensions into the Arctic against the background of sanctions may prompt Russia to consider involving non-regional actors, primarily Asian states, in the Arctic cooperation. Under such circumstances,... ... changes, and the volume of contracts for Western-made shelf development equipment may decline significantly.
Arctic Oil and Gas Resource Development: Current Situation and Prospects
, 1,26 Мб
Related material:
RIAC Longread "Arctic Oil and Gas ...
... CEER) helps potential and existing shippers find relevant information on services and respective costs what in turn is essential for the overall market development. Despite its key advantage of being the primary and depoliticized alternative to the Russian gas, LNG industry in Europe remains very conservative since it uses only proven unchanged technology. However, there are various LNG infrastructures in use and there is currently enough flexibility of services offered by terminals. For instance, Italy ...
... 2004 enlargement included Poland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Malta, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, and Cyprus. The 2007 enlargement included Bulgaria and Romania.
The contrasting approaches of different EU member states towards Russian gas imports have been very evident and have highlighted the internal dichotomy in the EU. Timothy Boon von Ochssee & Coby van der Linde argue that: “The ‘old’ European allies seek improved ties with Russia in order to secure long-term ...
... packaging materials and parts for household appliances and medical equipment” that could be produced using the polymers obtained in the process of APG processing, one should not neglect typical features of the economies of scale that are applicable to Russian natural gas sector. In other words, flaring reduction projects (infrastructures to produce diesel from GTL; LPG and dry gas from APG, methanol production for EOR and etc.) could provide investors with minimal average rate of return of 7%. Thus, Russia should ...
... became a hot politically charged issue and the Decree No.7 (that came into force in 2012) increased the fine for undue flaring of 1000 cubic meters of gas tenfold. However, it provided little specifics on monitoring and enforcement activities and thus, Russia, unlike other major gas producers of Central Asia such as Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, did not manage to sustain progress in flaring reduction in the past 5 years, even though she was moving in the right direction from 2006 to 2010 when she cut flared volumes ...
... solved and leaders from Europe and Russia should acknowledge that the cooperation between Russia and European states is a natural one that should be encouraged and sought after, despite the problems that exist.
References:
Högselius, Per. Red Gas: Russia and the Origins of the European Energy Dependency. Palgrave Macmillan. 2013.
Stern, Jonathan. “Gas pipeline co-operation between political adversaries: examples from Europe.” Chatham House. January 2005.
In-text footnotes:
[1] “U....
... consumed 148 million tons (compared to 4,6 million tones in Azerbaijan). Export of Russian crude oil exceeded that from Azerbaijan by more than 10 times over
[19]
.
The situation with regards to natural gas is the same. In 2014, the production of natural gas by Russia was 34 times greater than that of Azerbaijan (578 bcm and 17 bcm respectively), natural gas consumption is more than 40 times higher (409 bcm and 9 bcm respectively), and exports are more than 24 times greater (187 bcm and 7,7 bcm respectively) ...
... deliveries to Germany for the first quarter of 2016, when compared to 2015 Q1 delivered quantities. The implications of this have echoed far across the Atlantic Ocean and have once again affirmed the fears of Washington – intensification of the German-Russian gas interdependence is a fact, which few Western leaders are willing to admit.
Cooperation Amid Sanctions
Germany is highly dependent on coal as a course of cheap energy, however, coal scores very high on the greenhouse gas index and is thus not a ...
... disruptions can supply the exposed countries with gas from underground storage facilities in Germany. Other countries such as Romania are self-sufficient, since they import only around 10% of their gas consumption from Russia, but rely on continuous Russian gas supply for functionality of its pipeline system.
When one observes the cacophony of levels of energy security in Europe it is very hard to imagine a coherent and realistic solution to the situation. Fast-forward one year we see a slightly different ...
