... development (e.g., power shortages). In the case of investments in manufacturing, it is production capacity, or new solutions in the case of information communication technology infrastructure (such as 5G communications) or IT products.
In the case of Russia, the formula chosen for cooperation with China has been to pair the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), an economic grouping comprising Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia, and the Silk Road Economic Belt as two equally important initiatives. The Russian leadership views the pairing of the EAEU and the Chinese initiative as an important ...
... is obviously totally voluntary. The countries that choose to do it, and the collaboration that occurs, for example, between China and these individual nations that are part of the Belt and Road Initiative, is voluntary. And China does not attempt to ... ... agreements with the IMF, the World Bank, as well as the dollar system, which is being used politically in terms of the situation with Russia, to sanction not only Russia, but countries which the United States disagrees with. And they have these objectives which ...
With everybody concerned about the Russo-Ukrainian conflict, what really bothers Bishkek?
Seemingly, the relations between Russia and Kyrgyzstan have not changed since the commencement of Russia’s special military operation (SMO) in Ukraine. Kyrgyzstan ... ... importance to Russia is determined by the prospects of maintaining the Russian presence in Central Asia against the backdrop of China’s growing economic and infrastructural influence, the U.S. military and political fast tracking in the region, opportunities ...
... (Kulintsev et al., 2020).
However the problem is not only China’s power or its “creeping expansion” as such. There are systemic contradictions regarding preferred formats for linking integration initiatives. While the most advisable approach for Russia is institutional (EAEU-China dialogue, in which the EAEU would act as a single political and economic entity), China prefers a flexible “project” approach, which implies bilateral agreements between inpidual countries participating in specific projects (Mikhailenko, 2018,...
... the EAEU and ASEAN (2018)
The creation of regional centers of the BRICS New Development Bank (NDB) in South Africa, Brazil and Russia.
Approval of the expansion in the membership of the BRICS New Development Bank (NDB) to include Bangladesh and Uruguay ... ... concept as its core — namely cooperation among the key regional integration initiatives of BRICS economies such as BIMSTEC, EAEU, ASEAN-China FTA, Mercosur and SADC/SACU. This circle of cooperation could be
complemented
by platforms between regional development ...
... “victimhood”, from this mental prison.
A similar sense of “victimhood” is driving India too, both relative to Pakistan and to China. Obsessed as India is by the “loss” of territories which India has never-ever effectively possessed, and which India ... ... restrained the Americans, due to sudden
risk
of a direct (potentially nuclear) confrontation with the Soviet Union. This debt to Russia is, however, not well remembered in India today.
The US even went further with dirty tricks in support of West Pakistan ...
With the Chinese engagement and great power competition on the rise, Russia keeps a vigilant eye on the -Stans
The latest months have been chaotic in Kyrgyzstan, where the fraudulent parliamentary ... ...
viii
]. However, this monopoly is not equally distributed among Central Asian states. Uzbekistan prefers buying weapons from China, while Turkey is the largest arms supplier for Turkmenistan [
ix
].
In case of a conflict, together with the actual military ...
... containment of the U.S. They believe Russia may benefit from the BRI and the advantages of the BRI outweigh its disadvantages.
The second camp shows different levels of strategic concerns regarding the influence of BRI in Central Asia and Siberia and the EAEU-BRI cooperation. Some Russian and western scholars with greater concerns think the increasing influence of China in Central Asia has threatened the leadership of Russia. Furthermore, China has deliberately proposed the BRI after the Crimea Crisis, benefiting China from the Russia-western plummeting relations. With lower concerns and realistic consideration,...
... these principles.
First, the Partnership is not viewed as a potential competitor for regional integration structures (ASEAN, EAEU, RCEP) or trans-border economic projects (BRI) or organizations (the SCO, APEC, ASEM). On the contrary, all of those structures,... ... dimensions of the Partnership (trade, finance, infrastructure, visa, etc.) with due account of their current needs and capabilities.
Russia–China Dialogue: The 2020 Model. RIAC, Institute of Far Eastern Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Institute of International ...
... engage Pakistan.
Igor Ivanov:
The Belt and Road Initiative: Towards a New World Order
CPEC is one of BRI’s flagship projects, and Russia’s hitherto lack of participation in it is a conspicuous absence in light of its strategic partnership with China and President Putin’s proposal to pair the EAEU with BRI. The only explanation is that Russia is deferring involvement out of respect for India’s sensitivities since New Delhi is fiercely opposed to CPEC because it regards it as traversing through Pakistani-controlled territory that it claims as its own per its maximalist approach to ...
