... does not have exactly the same aspirations; therefore, it cannot be expected to form some kind of monolithic cooperation mechanism, but it is possible to form a grid-like form of cooperation that is multilevel, multidisciplinary and multiformat.
The SCO and BRICS are originally platforms for political, economic, security and humanistic cooperation among their participants, but as they have expanded and developed, their functions have begun to expand and their impact on the international order and global ...
... International Studies at Fudan University Report #87 / 2023
The ninth annual report “Russian-Chinese Dialogue: The 2023 Model” analyzes Russia–China relations from the second and fourth quarters of 2022 to the first quarter of 2023. During this period, Moscow–Beijing relations were significantly affected by the external environment; namely, state tendencies towards escalating confrontation. This report focuses on Russia and China’s place in the changing world order and the possible opportunities these ...
... the difference in interests and geopolitical priorities of its participants, evolution in this direction also does not seem likely. This is the most important sign that needs to be studied: a new type of international organisation, represented by the SCO and BRICS, offers chances for maintaining this form of cooperation between states even in the conditions of the end of the international order under the control of the West. Therefore, it allows us to talk about a certain change in the nature of relations ...
... sensitive security and development issues. Furthermore, Moscow should abstain from any temptations to try building any "anti-Western clubs" out of such multilateral fora—it would not be possible to sell such an approach to India anyway. Instead, BRICS and SCO should be used to search for compromises, including between China and India. RIC—a separate trilateral coordination mechanism with the participation of Russia, India and China—could also develop in this direction.
India—The global swing state
...
... conditionally soft forms of interstate cooperation, based on common interests and the desire to promote them by joint efforts. They are open and inclusive, have a variable geometry and a huge potential for further development, coming from life. The SCO, BRICS and EAEU are vivid embodiments of this trend. They oppose the cumbersome military-political alliances inherited from the past, with strict allied discipline, which were created to wage wars: this is the main reason for the crisis of NATO, which ...
... away with the “flexible geometry” in relations with Africa and to match different interaction formats as well as to link the involvement of African states to their own vision of the present and future.
In a multipolar and multilateral world, the SCO and BRICS will have to be expanded, but it is important to understand what principles Russia should be guided by in doing so. Moscow and its allies have other institutional mechanisms in their arsenal: this includes the CSTO peacekeeping and military-political ...
... alliances that can be “globalized”). This in turn may be facilitated by particular emphasis placed on building platforms for regional development institutions (with standardized protocols for investment projects, including with respect to PPPs); greater scope for digital economic alliances that may be particularly amenable to scale and replication.
Potentially this sequential approach to building alliances across the Global South on the basis of the BRICS+ “integration of integrations” could become a basis for re-starting the globalization process in the world economy bottom-up (from the level of countries and regional blocs) rather than top-down (solely from the level of global organizations)....
... concisely encapsulates her concerns.
Gleb Toropchin:
Taking (Another) Turn to the East: Making Sense of Russia’s Stance in the Asia-Pacific
Dr. Rajagopalan writes that “India is the odd man out in all of these groups, whether it is in the Quad, BRICS or the SCO. In each, other key members have closer ties with each other than any of them do with India. This is potentially problematic because a friend to all will possibly not have any friends to depend upon when in danger.” With all due respect to this ...
... platforms – in Africa it was the creation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), while in Eurasia the expansion of SCO membership was accompanied by the creation of RCEP. The next stage in this process would be to link up all of the pan-continental ... ... developing world with important implications for the future evolution in global governance. On the other hand, the issue of the BRICS expansion that emerged in May 2022 suggests that rather than the aggregation of regional integration groups of the Global ...
... take sides in this forthcoming US-China rivalry. On the contrary, it is in their best interests to confront this bipolarity and to mitigate it to the extent possible with a new emphasis on multilateralism.
India, China and Russia are all members of BRICS and of SCO; Moscow could work harder making these institutions more efficient in reaching common denominators for even highly sensitive security and development issues. There is also a separate mechanism of the Russia-India-China trilateral consultations, which ...
