... however, are still not clearly outlined: There is conceptual uncertainty as to what exactly should be considered as projects indicating progress in the pairing of the EAEU and the BRI. Cooperation with China takes place at the bilateral level. In 2018, China and the EAEU signed an agreement on trade and economic cooperation, which includes trade promotion, harmonization of procedures and rules, e-commerce agenda, etc. The agreement is not preferential and does not seriously change the parameters of interaction. It ...
... are more than 150 countries that have joined the Belt and Road Initiative in the form of Memorandums of Understanding, and it is obviously totally voluntary. The countries that choose to do it, and the collaboration that occurs, for example, between China and these individual nations that are part of the Belt and Road Initiative, is voluntary. And China does not attempt to impose conditionalities about internal policies in those countries, but simply bases it on the idea of developing these kinds ...
... bilateral Russian-Kyrgyz agenda is mainly focused on issues of trade, economic cooperation and regional security.
Kyrgyzstan’s importance to Russia is determined by the prospects of maintaining the Russian presence in Central Asia against the backdrop of China’s growing economic and infrastructural influence, the U.S. military and political fast tracking in the region, opportunities for economic projects in the KR mining industry, export destinations (primarily, the supplies of fuel and lubricants, ...
...
However the problem is not only China’s power or its “creeping expansion” as such. There are systemic contradictions regarding preferred formats for linking integration initiatives. While the most advisable approach for Russia is institutional (EAEU-China dialogue, in which the EAEU would act as a single political and economic entity), China prefers a flexible “project” approach, which implies bilateral agreements between inpidual countries participating in specific projects (Mikhailenko, 2018,...
... all of the five BRICS members – represented by the BEAMS platforms consisting of BIMSTEC, Eurasian Economic Union, the ASEAN-China FTA, Mercosur and the South African Customs Union – leading to the addition of up to 25 members (the 5 times 5 geometric ... ... regional integration blocs such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), ASEAN, SAARC, EAEU. Such an extended platform across all three continents of the Global South may be termed as TRIA (
Trilateral Intercontinental ...
... the main regions of the Global South via aggregating the regional integration platforms in Eurasia, Africa and Latin America. Going forward this format may be further expanded to include other regional integration blocks from Eurasia, such as the GCC, EAEU and others.
During the meeting of foreign ministers of BRICS countries China also announced plans to open up the possibility of developing countries joining the core BRICS grouping. This approach differed to some degree from the line pursued by BRICS in the preceding years, when any expansion outside of the BRICS core was ...
... integration arrangements and their development institutions where BRICS countries are members. Such a platform could have the BEAMS concept as its core — namely cooperation among the key regional integration initiatives of BRICS economies such as BIMSTEC, EAEU, ASEAN-China FTA, Mercosur and SADC/SACU. This circle of cooperation could be
complemented
by platforms between regional development banks/regional financing arrangements and NDB/BRICS CRA respectively.
One of the ways to upgrade/modernize this BRICS+ concept ...
... on overcoming India and “never let it happen again”. It is time for Pakistanis to liberate themselves from this “victimhood”, from this mental prison.
A similar sense of “victimhood” is driving India too, both relative to Pakistan and to China. Obsessed as India is by the “loss” of territories which India has never-ever effectively possessed, and which India never had any valid legal right to. Territories where not one single soul lives who would vote in a referendum to change status ...
... Chinese serous investment to Armenia. Armenia is also a member of EAEU, which provides an opportunity to Yerevan to implement its policy towards Beijing in multilateral level as well, using the fact that Russia and China decided in 2015 to conjunct EAEU and China’s BRI and that the Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union and the People’s Republic of China was signed on May 17, 2018 in Astana.
According to this document, the Parties agreed to develop cooperation ...
... This percentage has considerably increased during the last decade, with Kazakhstan being the largest consumer of the area [
viii
]. However, this monopoly is not equally distributed among Central Asian states. Uzbekistan prefers buying weapons from China, while Turkey is the largest arms supplier for Turkmenistan [
ix
].
In case of a conflict, together with the actual military presence on the ground, Russia holds another two trump cards. In peacetime, Central Asian bases are under direct control ...
